Flashcards. The eight-year war with Iraq and the growing antipathy with the United States had a profound effect on the direction of the revolution and the Islamic Republic it spawned. MERIP neither solicits nor accepts financial 22 E. Abrahamian E., “Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution”, MERIP Reports, no 87, May 1980, p. 22. Arjomand categorizes revolutions in two groups: ones that expand the existing body politic and power structure, … Due to the Shah’s economic reforms, Iran had ascended into the ranks as a globally formidable industrial economy. During the last twenty-nine years, enough evidence has been published to substantiate the … STUDY. e Iranian Islamic Revolution was one of the most complex revolutions of the twentieth century. Add to My Bookmarks Export citation. Resource lists. In most other revolutions external forces?especially invading armies? Learn. East Report, distributes Press Information Notes via e-mail, maintains A STRUCTURAL-DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO REVOLUTION : THE CASE OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979 Нота HROUZBAKHCH Introduction This paper integrates demographic factors as causal agents into theories of revolution. Elements within the clergy promptly moved to exclude their former left-wing, nationalist, and intellectual allies from any positions of power in the new regime, and a return to conservative social values was enforced. MERIP Reports Shadow of the revolution. Opponents of the regime proclaimed that the Shah’s reforms and economic policies benefited mainly the rich without making necessary structural changes to Iranian society (Keddie 149). This revolution started with calls for democracy in Iran and it finished with the establishment of the first Islamic State in the world. Add to My Bookmarks Export citation. PLAY. Match. Published By: Middle East Research and Information Project, Inc. (MERIP), Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. Iran had been the most westernized and secular country in the Middle East. It was a close ally of the West and the United States in particular. Farrokh Moshiri, “Iran: Islamic Revolution Against Westernization” in Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century. Type Article Author(s) Ervand Abrahamian Date 1980 Issue 87 Page start 21 DOI 10.2307/3011417 Is part of Journal Title MERIP Reports ISSN 00477265 Short title MERIP Reports. Civilisations 38, no. for peace and social justice in the Middle East, and to promote progressive "Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution" in MERIP Reports. In SPICE’s newest Scholars Corner video offering, “The Iranian Revolution,” Professor Abbas Milani discusses Iran and the Iranian Revolution, noting the influence of Iran regionally and in the United States, the significance and impact of the Iranian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution’s causes and effects. change in U.S. policy toward the region. The central argument is that both the emergence and success of the nonviolent Iranian Revolution can be explained by its internationalization. The Iranian revolution of 1979-80 represented a period of great social and financial upheaval for millions of Iranians. This item appears on. Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In this authoritative new book, Saïd Amir Arjomand reaches back to antiquity to propose a unified theory of revolution. essential part of MERIP's mission to document and support popular struggles Religion and specifically Shi’ite Islam was the main cause of the Iranian Revolution, as it was the tool that Ayatollah Khoimeini used to mobilise the masses and to subsequently take power in 1979. In doing so, we can use the psychological theories of revolution and structural- functionalist theories of revolution in order to analyses and explain the cause of the Iranian Revolution. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Created by. He focuses on the ends and means of various groups of Iranians before, during, and after the revolution. ¥%Ȟ̖ œ…ËŠ SAԝ çŠg9«’¹Íð)ì€^+ê ¬mQ/ÃÈt,ìûN€‚W\ÁçŒhFΪþ´xO™Œ-Dzx¤Îa(žªYQҋT0F‘“Mõ£jº=PžzXkßÖ¬‘bÒG,O÷„¦»çs\&?–&³gî±ëK^:;˜”,ö²•z~’€nÕð+DÁÏeð¶²Û…Á(Ð-yð8V×¥À¹äÔ M]³¢¥Æ‡=×ÖÕLDbÖBP4dè ÇÅêg}x‡ˆL ¶CCÕWM±°!cKÖÉK!Ž^IÞ\wœÙý2µ£,µV•&A)« =]Ø`Ò$QÅól¦Æ¨²‘ꥢDFa2C‘A‡™ »Néà™MõĘ«RKð SýÜ÷ÐþŽIc œµ@“ÄŠïlMí¨ÍԎ3 ‚#0EӅš >N¤çdNE¸!^†9Z˜‚ nìaV…í%•Âʝ̜ˆÍ8"m’e‹Ò™GIêÃSÍ­]›“vY(P. Causes and Effects of Iranian Revolution. By late 1970s, the economy had stagnated, and inflationled to a higher cost of living. To access this article, please, No. • Those who cite structural reasons usually point out the fact that Iran was a rentier state. To understand what led to the Iranian Revolution of 1979, we need to look back into the Iranian history and the timeline leading up to the revolution. Request Permissions. Test. Iranian RevolutionIranian Revolution was a kind of process which based on political changes and it occured in [1978][1979]. 87, Iran’s Revolution: The Rural Dimension. The founder of the dynasty, army general Reza Shah Pahlavi, replaced Islamic laws with western ones, and forbade traditional Islamic clothing, separation … 2 (1988): 85-104. Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution. It came about as the culmination of decades of popular discontent mixed with economic turmoil and an increasingly repressive regime. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. The goal of the revolution is to change the social system. In the Iranian case, it was internal forces, unaided by outside armies, let alone support from government and corporate sources. Iran’s revolution has inspired countless books, articles, films, and commentary. The Iranians rebelled due to the economic privation. The core question asked is: what are the structural and historical forces that caused the Iranian Revolution to be the world’s first nonviolent revolution? Revolution illuminates the stories of premodern rebellions from the ancient world, as well as medieval European revolts and more recent events, up to the Arab Spring of 2011. In the following four decades, intense controversy has erupted over the Islamic Republic’s socio-economic performance. rebecaf4. Ervand Abrahamian, “Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution”, Middle Eastern Research and Information Project Reports, No. While some claimthat under the Islamist regime remarkable progress has been made, others depict an entire country mi… "A STRUCTURAL-DEMOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO REVOLUTION : THE CASE OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979." Terms in this set (7) Cause. MERIP publishes an award-winning magazine, Middle Last year, the Iranian Revolution of 1979 marked its 40th anniversary. The Iranian Revolution refers to events involving the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States, and its eventual replacement with an Islamic republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations and Iranian student movements. The Iranian Revolution was a populist, nationalist and Shi'a Islamic revolution that replaced an ancient monarchy with a theocracy based on "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists" (or velayat-e faqih).. Its causes — why the Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) was overthrown and why he was replaced by an Islamic Republic — are a subject of historical debate.. (May 1980): pp.21-26. State intervention into the economy was a major cause of the 1979 revolution, and has thus been a focus of scholarly analysis. MERIP was founded in 1971 by activists for peace and social justice to bring Gravity. Loading. Moreover, the ruling clerics could not accept the Shah’s openings to the western world that showed its imperialism with no qualms. The Iranian Revolution was the Islamic revolution that replaced the secular monarchy of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with a theocracy led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Have you read this? For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Iranians all over the country were dissatisfied with the regime and viewed it as having failed on its economic pro… Iranian Revolution - Iranian Revolution - Aftermath: On April 1, following overwhelming support in a national referendum, Khomeini declared Iran an Islamic republic. a website and produces primers. It was these tensions between Shi’ite Islam and the government which were so significant in causing the Iranian Revolution. There is little doubt that many of the social, political, economic and religious causes of the Iranian Revolution were present in Iran since around World War II, yet there was no full-scale revolution, although occasionally these conditions led to popular movements forcing major government policy reversals or changes in the form of government. Misagh Parsa develops a structural theory of the causes and outcomes of revolution, applying the theory in particular to Iran. The first of many ideas attributed to the plethora of causes behind the revolution is the decline of monarchism in international politics during the period (Buchan, 2013: p419). Never before had a modern revolution of such depth taken place since the disintegration of the Islamic Empires of Ottoman, Persia Causes of the Revolution. The dynasty that the revolution overthrew – the Pahlavi dynasty – was known for its autocracy, its focus on modernization and Westernization as well as its disregard for religious [4] and democratic measures in Iran's constitution.. 87, Iran's Revolution: The Rural Dimension (May, 1980), Middle East Research and Information Project, Inc. (MERIP), Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. The 1979 Iranian Revolution revisited A sociological explanation for its astonishing outcomes. Introduction: This paper is a case study of the 1979 Iranian Revolution to explain why the outcomes of the Revolution were basically at variance with the original demands of the initial uprising. All Rights Reserved. Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution by Ervand Abrahamlan The fall of the Shah will go down in history as perhaps the most dramatic revolution of modern times. In fact, most viewed Shah’s regime as brutal and full of oppression, corruption suffering from numerous structural deficiencies in the management system. The specific dimensions to be studied as causal factors are population size and population composition. 12 Abrahamian, "Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution.” 21-26. © University of Stirling; Contact your librarian; Information Services to the U.S. public critical analysis of Middle Eastern political economy and US 13 FIROUZBAKHCH, Homa. social forces as a result of structural changes under the modern authoritarian regime of the Pahlavi Shahs (1941-1979). The Causes of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran 383 Although Marx and Engels considered ideologies to be a part of the super- structure dependent upon the social structures, they did not deny the possibility that radical ideologists could, at times, develop into independent forces capable of helping undermine the ruling class. They created an acute sense of ongoing crisis that the political settlement, marred by inconsistencies and contradictions, did little to assuage. The Shah spent millions of dollars on US weaponry which introduced American advisers and business interests, which was viewed negatively by … The Iranian revolution was mainly because of the shortcomings in the governance of the Shah regime that we highlight below. The clerics’ interference in politics should be understood in the 21 S.A. Arjomand (1986), p. 383. List: This widespread discontentment from the Iranian people caused the Iranian people to seek change, thus producing The Iranian Revolution. Framed in a Marxist–Islamist mindset, the revolution was made on behalf of the mostazafin—the downtrodden—who were left behind by the monarchy’s uneven development model. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Jack Goldstone et al (eds). People in Iran were not satisfied with the current rule. When the government is not anymore able to distribute the social welfare to which the population feels entitled, then the population withdraws its allegiances. 11 Abrahamian, "Structural Causes of the Iranian Revolution.” 21-26. Spell. The basic reason that causes the protest is the inequality in society. Lots of youth includes teenagers and unemployed immigrants, began this protest. Write. have helped shatter the old regime. ©2000-2021 ITHAKA. Iranian Revolution, popular uprising in 1978–79 that resulted in the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty and the establishment of an Islamic republic. © 1980 Middle East Research and Information Project, Inc. (MERIP) Add to My Bookmarks Export citation. Readings on Iran: Next: Iran between two revolutions Previous: After Khomeini: the Iranian Second Republic. policy toward the region. This independent stance is an